ASP.NET Web PDF Document Viewer/Editor Control Library

It s possible to nest logic too, as in this example:

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age = 19 if age < 21 puts "You can't drink in most of the United States" if age >= 18 puts "But you can in the United Kingdom!" end end

if and unless also supply the else condition, used to delimit lines of code that you want to be executed if the main expression is false: age = 10 if age < 18 puts "You're too young to use this system" else puts "You can use this system" end

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You can use an * (asterisk) as the width or precision (or both), in which case the number will be read from the tuple argument: >>> '%.*s' % (5, 'Guido van Rossum') 'Guido'

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The ternary operator makes it possible for an expression to contain a mini if/else statement. It s construction that s entirely optional to use, and some developers are oblivious to its existence. However, because it can be useful to produce more compact code, it s worth learning early. Let s dive in with an example:

The second line contains the ternary operator. It starts by assigning the result of an expression to the variable, type. The expression is age < 18 "child" : "adult". The structure is as follows:

In our example, age < 18 returns as true, so the first result, "child", is returned and assigned to type. However, if age < 18 were to be false, "adult" would be returned. Consider an alternative:

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The double comparison makes it harder to read. Another alternative is to use the multiline if/else option:

Before the width and precision numbers, you may put a flag, which may be either zero, plus, minus, or blank. A zero means that the number will be zero-padded: >>> '%010.2f' % pi '0000003.14' It s important to note here that the leading zero in 010 in the preceding code does not mean that the width specifier is an octal number, as it would in a normal Python number. When you use 010 as the width specifier, it means that the width should be 10 and that the number should be zero-padded, not that the width should be 8: >>> 010 8 A minus sign (-) left-aligns the value: >>> '%-10.2f' % pi '3.14 ' As you can see, any extra space is put on the right-hand side of the number. A blank ( ) means that a blank should be put in front of positive numbers. This may be useful for aligning positive and negative numbers: >>> print ('% 5d' % 10) + '\n' + ('% 5d' % -10) 10 -10 Finally, a plus (+) means that a sign (either plus or minus) should precede both positive and negative numbers (again, useful for aligning): >>> print ('%+5d' % 10) + '\n' + ('%+5d' % -10) +10 -10 In the following example, I use the asterisk width specifier to format a table of fruit prices, where the user enters the total width of the table. Because this information is supplied by the user, I can t hard-code the field widths in my conversion specifiers; by using the asterisk, I can have the field width read from the converted tuple. The source code is given in Listing 3-1. Listing 3-1. String Formatting Example # Print a formatted price list with a given width width = input('Please enter width: ')

The ternary operator shows its immediate benefit in its conciseness, and as it can be used to build expressions on a single line, you can use it easily in calls to methods or within other expressions where if statements would be invalid. Consider this even simpler version of the first example from this section: